Securities lending is a method of increasing the yield on a long-term equity portfolio by lending out some of your shares for a fee. The main reason why other investors would want to borrow your securities is short-selling requirements, where a trader expresses a negative view on an asset’s price by borrowing shares then replacing them at a new, lower price. Short selling is an inherently risky activity so there is a risk that the borrower may run into difficulties, potentially harming your investment.
Anyone with long-term equity holdings can lend out their securities for a fee, if their broker allows it. Normally this will involve splitting the fee with your broker who will handle the legal documentation side of the agreement. The premium is paid to reward investors for both the inconvenience of locking up your shares and also the theoretical risk of a default by the borrower. Investors with long-term holdings can increase their yield by receiving this premium in addition to any dividends and the capital accumulation of the shares.
Short-sellers borrow securities in order to profit from downwards price moves in equities, without using derivatives. To do this, a fund – normally a hedge fund – borrows securities at the current market price, holds them for a certain period, then when the price has declined, returns the borrowed securities by replacing them with new ones bought at the (hopefully) lower price. The problem with short selling is that in theory the potential losses from this kind of trade are unlimited; in practice funds will exit the position before it becomes untenable, but the strategy remains high-risk.
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