A forward contract is a private agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a predetermined price on a predetermined date in the future. It is a non-standardised contract, where parties customise its terms to fit their needs. Forward contracts are mostly used in the commodities market, but they can also be used in the stock, forex, and bond markets. They aim to help traders manage the risks associated with fluctuating asset prices.
Any investor or business can purchase a forward contract if they wish to lock in a price early as they anticipate a change in market prices in the future. Investors and businesses may also use forward contracts to hedge existing positions, to protect themselves against potential losses. By agreeing on a fixed price on a future trade, they can manage risk and uncertainty, especially in volatile markets.
A coffee shop owner needs to purchase a large supply of coffee beans every quarter, and they have a rough idea of how much the beans typically cost. They monitor the market and believe that the price of coffee beans will increase in the future, and they want to lock in a price now to ensure they can afford to purchase the beans later.
The coffee shop owner can enter into a forward contract with a supplier. In this case, they can specify the amount of coffee beans they would like to purchase four months later, at a price fixed at the time of creating the contract, agreed upon by the supplier.
With the forward contract in place, the coffee shop owner can purchase his share of coffee beans from the supplier at the fixed price regardless of the future price of the beans. The supplier is also guaranteed to receive the fixed price for the beans on the delivery date, regardless of the market price then.
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