A zero coupon bond is a debt instrument that carries no regular interest payments. Usually, the returns from holding a bond stem from regular coupon payments to a fixed percentage of the par value, whilst zero coupon bonds reimburse investors by trading at a discount below par. For example, a zero coupon bond issued at 90 will yield 10% over the lifetime of the bond when refunded at par.
When a bond trades below 100 – in very rare cases par is a figure other than 100, but this is extremely uncommon – it is considered to be trading at discount. When investors have their capital returned at the end of the bond’s life, they receive the value at par, so a bond issued at or trading below par will yield the difference. Sometimes bonds trade significantly below par because investors are worried about their creditworthiness, but generally coupon-yielding bonds trade at or above par.
Discount bonds do not provide a regular income stream, one of the main attractions of conventional bonds, so they are not well suited to all investors. However, the eventual yields can be attractive provided the investor is willing to wait until maturity to receive them. For issuing companies, zero coupon bonds are an effective way of raising capital without committing to heavy interest payments.
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